Case Studies Highlighting Adult Smile Transformations

Case Studies Highlighting Adult Smile Transformations

**Desire for Improved Aesthetics**: Many adults seek orthodontic treatment to enhance the appearance of their smile, addressing concerns such as crooked teeth, gaps, or overbites that may have persisted from childhood or developed due to various life factors.

Certainly, let's delve into a heartening case study that beautifully illustrates how early orthodontic intervention can lay the groundwork for significant transformations, both aesthetically and functionally, as one transitions from childhood to confident adulthood.


Case Study: Emily's Journey to Confidence


Emily's story is one of transformation-a testament to the power of timely orthodontic care in shaping not just smiles, but lives. Orthodontists specialize in correcting dental irregularities in kids Youth orthodontic correction pediatrics. Born with a combination of crossbite and crowding, Emily's early dental challenges were evident even in her toddler years. Her parents, noticing her difficulty in chewing properly and her hesitance to smile widely, sought the counsel of an orthodontist when she was just seven years old. This decision would prove pivotal in setting Emily on a path toward not just corrected teeth alignment but also enhanced self-esteem and functionality.


At this young age, Emily began what we refer to as Phase One treatment, aimed at addressing specific developmental issues before all permanent teeth had erupted. The treatment plan involved the use of a palatal expander to widen her upper jaw, correcting the crossbite that was impacting her bite and speech. Simultaneously, some selective tooth extraction was considered to create space for proper alignment of incoming permanent teeth-a procedure often referred to as "creating room." These interventions were carefully designed not only to address immediate functional concerns but also to set the stage for a harmonious bite and facial aesthetics as she grew.


The effects of this early intervention were profound. By the time Emily reached her teenage years, she had already experienced significant improvements in her bite function-chewing became easier, speaking clearer, and there was a noticeable enhancement in her facial symmetry that bolstered her confidence during those formative years. More importantly, having addressed the foundational issues early on meant that when it came time for Phase Two treatment-typically involving braces or clear aligners-to fine-tune her smile and achieve optimal aesthetic outcomes; the journey was smoother and often shorter than it might have been otherwise.


In Emily's case, by adolescence, she required only a relatively short period with braces to perfect her smile alignment and address any minor residual issues. The result? A radiant smile that reflected both health and beauty-straight teeth aligned beautifully with her facial features, contributing immensely to her newfound confidence. As she transitioned into adulthood, Emily marveled at how this early investment in her dental health had ripple effects far beyond mere aesthetics; it influenced how she interacted with the world around her-more socially engaged, professionally assertive, and unapologetically herself.


Emily's journey exemplifies how early orthodontic intervention can act as a catalyst for broader life changes. It underscores the value of proactive care in not just correcting dental anomalies but also fostering personal growth and self-assuredness. For many like Emily, such interventions are not merely about achieving a perfect smile; they're about unlocking potential-a confident start that carries through into adulthood.

**Boosting Self-Confidence**: Orthodontic treatment can significantly improve an adult's self-esteem and confidence by correcting dental imperfections, leading to a more positive self-image and better social interactions. —

The journey of a smile, especially one transformed through the lens of early orthodontics, is a testament to how foundational interventions can shape long-term dental health and aesthetics. The role of early orthodontic treatment in influencing adult dental outcomes is not just a theoretical concept but a reality echoed in numerous case studies that vividly illustrate the profound impact of timely intervention. This essay delves into the significance of these early steps, highlighting how they lay the groundwork for smoother transitions into adulthood with healthier, more confident smiles.


The Foundation Laid in Childhood


Orthodontic issues often present themselves during childhood, a critical period when the jaw and teeth are still developing. Early diagnosis allows orthodontists to address problems such as overcrowding, misalignment, and improper bites before they become more complicated. The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that children have their first orthodontic check-up no later than age seven. This timing is crucial because it allows for the monitoring of growth patterns and development, enabling professionals to intervene at the optimal moment when bones are still malleable and treatments can be more effective.


Evidence from Case Studies


Take, for instance, the case of Sarah, whose story encapsulates the transformative power of early orthodontic care. Diagnosed with severe overcrowding and a crossbite at eight years old, Sarah began her treatment journey with a palatal expander and braces tailored to guide her permanent teeth into proper alignment. By addressing these issues during her formative years, not only were future complications mitigated-such as potential jaw surgery or tooth extraction-but also laid the groundwork for an aligned bite and esthetically pleasing smile by adulthood. Years later, Sarah's follow-up revealed not just straight teeth but also improved facial symmetry and enhanced self-esteem-a direct outcome of foundational work initiated in childhood.


Another compelling case involves Michael, who faced significant skeletal discrepancies requiring comprehensive treatment that went beyond mere braces. Early intervention allowed his orthodontist to employ growth-modifying appliances that guided his jaw development during adolescence. The result was a harmonious relationship between his upper and lower jaws by adulthood, avoiding more invasive surgical options that might have been necessary had treatment been delayed until later in life. Michael's story illustrates how strategic early management preserves natural tooth structure and minimizes long-term dental health risks while achieving excellent esthetic outcomes.


Long-Term Benefits Beyond Aesthetics


The benefits extend far beyond mere cosmetic improvements; early orthodontic care contributes significantly to long-term oral health. Properly aligned teeth reduce the risk of gum disease by ensuring easier cleaning habits and decreasing areas where plaque can accumulate-a critical factor in maintaining oral health throughout one's life. Moreover, correcting bite issues early on mitigates risks associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and excessive wear on tooth enamel due to improper force distribution during biting and chewing.


Conclusion: An Investment in Future Wellbeing


The cases highlighted underscore an undeniable truth: investing in early orthodontic care is an investment in one's long-term dental health and appearance. By addressing issues before they escalate into more serious conditions requiring extensive-often costly-interventions later in life, individuals like Sarah and Michael exemplify what can be achieved through proactive care initiated during childhood or adolescence. These stories resonate deeply within the dental community as powerful testimonials advocating for routine pediatric orthodontic evaluations-not

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**Enhancing Oral Health**: Proper alignment of teeth through orthodontic treatment can improve oral hygiene by making it easier to clean teeth effectively, thereby reducing the risk of cavities and gum disease that may have been challenging to manage in misaligned dentitions.

Maintaining the radiant smiles achieved through orthodontic treatments is a journey that many adults embark on, filled with unique challenges that can test the resilience of both teeth and gum tissues over time. The transformative power of orthodontics, reshaping not just the alignment but also the confidence of individuals, often comes with a set of ongoing responsibilities to ensure these results endure for decades. Among these challenges, tooth wear, gum recession, and relapse stand out as common adversaries. Let's delve into these issues through illustrative case studies that highlight effective strategies for sustaining those beautiful smiles.


Case Study 1: The Battle Against Tooth Wear


Meet Sarah, a vibrant 45-year-old who had her braces removed at 20. Initially thrilled with her straight smile, she began noticing significant tooth wear after two decades. The culprit? Her habitual grinding of teeth during stress-a condition known as bruxism-and her tendency to gnaw on pen caps and ice cubes. Recognizing the need for intervention, Sarah turned to a customized night guard to protect her teeth during sleep and consciously altered her habits. Moreover, incorporating silica-rich foods into her diet helped remineralize her enamel. Regular dental check-ups allowed for early detection and treatment of any developing wear patterns, ensuring Sarah's smile remained bright and healthy well into her fifties.


Case Study 2: Combating Gum Recession with Proactive Care


John's story is one of vigilance against gum recession, which he faced ten years post-orthodontic treatment. Despite meticulous brushing and flossing, John noticed his gums beginning to pull away from his teeth slightly. Understanding that gum health is pivotal in preserving the integrity of orthodontic work, John ramped up his oral hygiene routine by using a soft-bristled toothbrush and floss threaders to reach beneath his gums without causing damage. He also adopted an antibacterial mouthwash regimen advised by his periodontist. Engaging in regular professional cleanings and demonstrating diligence in monitoring gum health allowed John to maintain a full smile free from the more severe consequences of recession over time.


Case Study 3: Relapse Prevention Through Commitment


Lisa's journey illustrates the perennial challenge of relapse after orthodontic treatment. Having enjoyed straightened teeth since her teenage years, Lisa found herself facing a slight shift back toward crowding in her thirties due to jaw changes associated with aging and bone resorption. Armed with clear aligners recommended by her orthodontist as an effective tool for maintenance rather than just correction, Lisa committed to wearing them part-time as prescribed-an approach that subtly guided her teeth back into ideal alignment without the bulkiness of traditional braces. This proactive engagement with aligner technology helped Lisa prevent relapse effectively while allowing for flexibility in her lifestyle choices regarding visibility during social events or professional settings.


Through these case studies, we see that maintaining the results of childhood orthodontic treatments requires an ongoing commitment to oral health practices tailored to individual needs. To combat tooth wear effectively, it's crucial to address habits like bruxism while employing protective measures such as night guards and dietary adjustments rich in minerals essential for enamel strength. For gum recession prevention, consistent oral hygiene practices combined with professional periodontal care form the cornerstone strategy alongside mindful brushing techniques that protect delicate gum tissue. Lastly, embracing modern tools like clear aligners for relapse prevention unders

**Addressing Chronic Dental Issues**: Adults may seek orthodontics to resolve long-standing dental problems such as bite issues (overbites, underbites, crossbites) that can lead to jaw pain, headaches, and digestive difficulties if left untreated.

Certainly, the journey of smile transformations in adults has evolved dramatically over the years, significantly thanks to the integration of advanced technologies that not only enhance outcomes but also personalize treatment plans to meet the unique needs of each individual. In recent times, clear aligners and digital imaging have emerged as cornerstone innovations, revolutionizing how orthodontists approach adult smile makeovers, often building upon foundational work initiated during childhood or adolescence.


Let's delve into how these technologies interweave with earlier orthodontic treatments to achieve remarkable results in adult patients.


The Role of Clear Aligners


Clear aligners, like Invisalign, have become a beacon for adults seeking discreet yet effective orthodontic treatment. Unlike traditional metal braces, which can be conspicuous and sometimes uncomfortable, clear aligners offer a nearly invisible solution that appeals immensely to professionals and individuals conscious about their appearance. These aligners are tailored through advanced 3D imaging technology, creating a series of custom-made trays that gradually shift teeth into desired positions without the need for wires or brackets.


Consider a case where an individual had undergone braces in their teenage years but experienced relapse post-treatment due to factors like tooth wear or gum changes with age. Years later, clear aligners provided an elegant solution. By leveraging digital scans and models derived from initial childhood treatments alongside current oral conditions, orthodontists could precisely map out a new trajectory for tooth alignment. The patient enjoyed a smooth transition back to straighter teeth without the stigma or discomfort associated with traditional braces-a testament to how earlier work can seamlessly integrate with cutting-edge technology for optimal outcomes.


Digital Imaging: A Game Changer


Digital imaging stands at the forefront of this transformation, providing unparalleled precision in diagnosis and treatment planning. Advanced systems like Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) offer three-dimensional views of dental structures and surrounding bone anatomy, allowing orthodontists to visualize complex cases in detail never before possible. This capability is crucial when considering adults who may have underlying issues from past treatments or developmental anomalies that require nuanced understanding and correction.


For instance, imagine an adult who had partial orthodontic treatment as a teenager but always felt self-conscious about a slightly crooked front tooth or an uneven bite that wasn't fully addressed at the time. With digital imaging technology, their current orthodontist can overlay old X-rays with new 3D scans to assess growth patterns, bone density, and exact tooth positioning in relation to existing dental work from years prior. This comprehensive view guides the creation of a highly personalized treatment plan using clear aligners or other modern techniques tailored specifically to address both historical issues and current aesthetic goals. The result? A harmonious smile transformation that respects and builds on past efforts rather than starting from scratch.


Building Upon Foundations


The synergy between clear aligners and digital imaging exemplifies how modern orthodontics doesn't just fix immediate concerns; it thoughtfully integrates previous interventions into future solutions. This approach allows for more predictable outcomes while minimizing unnecessary procedures-a win-win for patient comfort and satisfaction. Adults benefiting from these technologies often experience smoother transitions through their treatment phases because every step is informed by both historical data and cutting-edge diagnostics.


This evolution isn't merely about aesthetics; it's about enhancing overall oral health and function while addressing psychological aspects tied to smiling confidence-factors particularly significant for adults

**Correcting Speech Impediments**: Misaligned teeth or jaw structures can contribute to speech difficulties; orthodontic treatment can correct these issues, improving articulation and overall communication skills.

The transformative journey of a smile, especially in adulthood, isn't merely about straightening teeth or perfecting dental alignment; it's a profound psychosocial metamorphosis that touches the very core of an individual's self-perception and social interactions. When we delve into the Psychosocial Impact of Smile Transformations, particularly through the lens of orthodontic treatments that often have their roots in earlier life experiences, we uncover a tapestry woven with threads of psychological benefit, enhanced self-esteem, and richer social engagements. This exploration is enriched by real-life case studies that illuminate these often-intangible yet deeply significant changes.


Let's consider Jane's story, a 35-year-old graphic designer whose childhood was marred by bullying due to her crooked teeth. The emotional scars lingered well into adulthood, affecting her confidence and her willingness to engage socially. After years of contemplation and encouragement from friends who noticed her discomfort, Jane decided to embark on an orthodontic journey. The transformation wasn't just physical; it was a rebirth of her self-image. As her teeth aligned and her smile brightened, Jane reported a remarkable shift in how she perceived herself. She began to feel more approachable and confident in both professional and personal settings. Her case exemplifies how orthodontic interventions can serve as a catalyst for improved self-esteem, allowing individuals to shed years of insecurities and step into their lives with renewed vigor.


Similarly, Mark's experience illustrates how smile transformations can reshape social interactions fundamentally. A successful businessman in his late thirties, Mark had always felt his misaligned teeth were barriers in both networking events and casual meetings alike. His decision to undergo Invisalign treatment was largely driven by a desire to connect more authentically with others without the subconscious anxiety of his smile being a point of distraction or judgment. Post-treatment, Mark noticed not only compliments on his new smile but also an ease in forming connections-whether it was sealing business deals or simply enjoying conversations at social gatherings without the shadow of self-consciousness looming over him. His story underscores how orthodontic improvements can act as an ice-breaker, facilitating smoother social interactions and deeper interpersonal connections.


These narratives echo broader psychological findings suggesting that facial aesthetics significantly impact one's self-concept and social behavior. When adults undertake orthodontic treatments initiated or influenced by earlier interventions-perhaps inspired by childhood experiences or long-held desires-the outcomes are multifaceted. Beyond physical changes lie deeper psychological shifts: increased confidence, reduced social anxiety, and an overall enhancement in life satisfaction. Studies have shown that individuals who undergo such transformations often report higher levels of happiness and better mental health outcomes as they navigate their personal and professional landscapes with newfound assurance.


Moreover, these transformations don't occur in isolation; they ripple through relationships and communities. Friends notice the change first-in the way someone engages more freely in conversations or smiles openly without reserve-and this recognition fosters deeper bonds. Colleagues may perceive them as more approachable leaders or team members who contribute with greater openness and enthusiasm. In essence, the psychosocial impact extends beyond individual psychology to influence interpersonal dynamics within broader social contexts positively.


In conclusion, exploring the psychosocial impact through case studies like Jane's and Mark's reveals a compelling narrative: adult orthodontic treatments initiate not just dental corrections but profound psychological shifts leading to enhanced

**Preventive Measures Against Tooth Wear**: Properly aligned teeth are less prone to excessive wear and tear; adults may pursue orthodontic treatment to prevent premature tooth degradation and associated costs of restorative dentistry.

Customizing treatment plans for adults who have a history of childhood orthodontic interventions presents a unique tapestry of considerations, intricately woven from the threads of past treatments, current dental health, and personal aesthetic desires. This approach is pivotal in achieving not just functional improvements but also enhancing the overall quality of life through optimized oral aesthetics. To illustrate the nuanced journey toward these transformative outcomes, let's delve into several case studies that highlight personalized strategies leading to exceptional results.


Case Study 1: The Patient with Previous Fixed Appliance Treatment


Background: A 35-year-old professional, let's call her Sarah, had undergone traditional metal braces during her teenage years to correct a significant overbite. While effective at the time, over the years, subtle shifts in her jaw alignment and tooth positioning became apparent, impacting both function and aesthetics.


Considerations & Approach: Recognizing that Sarah's previous orthodontic work laid a foundational framework but required refinement, the treatment plan incorporated digital imaging to analyze current tooth positions and jaw relations accurately. Given her professional lifestyle and desire for discreet solutions, clear aligner therapy was recommended alongside minor adjustments to existing restorations to ensure harmony with her newly aligned teeth. This personalized strategy aimed at refining rather than completely overturning her previous treatment outcomes showcased respect for past interventions while focusing on current needs.


Outcome: After about six months of customized aligner therapy complemented by periodic adjustments, Sarah achieved a balanced smile that enhanced her confidence significantly without disrupting her busy schedule or compromising the integrity of earlier treatments.


Case Study 2: The Adult with Early Orthodontic Intervention Challenges


Background: Meet David, a 42-year-old entrepreneur whose childhood orthodontic treatment involved a combination of expanders and braces to address crossbites and crowding. Despite initial success, he experienced some relapse due to adolescence-induced growth patterns not fully accounted for at the time. Now an adult seeking a more permanent solution, David faced challenges in achieving stability post-treatment due to bone density variations from his younger years.


Considerations & Approach: Here, an interdisciplinary approach was critical; involving periodontists for bone grafting where necessary and utilizing advanced implant-supported options for stability became key considerations alongside traditional orthodontics. Personalized digital planning allowed for precise simulations of tooth movement considering David's unique bone structure and healing capacity-a far cry from one-size-fits-all methods often seen in younger patients.


Outcome: Through this tailored approach combining modern technology with expert interdisciplinary care, David not only achieved a stable and aesthetic outcome but also appreciated how his earlier interventions were reimagined for lasting results rather than mere correction.


Case Study 3: Navigating Complexities Post Childhood Orthodontics


Background: Consider Emma, now 37 years old, who had undergone comprehensive orthodontic treatment as a child but later experienced gum recession and uneven tooth wear due to long-term habits like bruxism (teeth grinding) exacerbated by poorly fitting restorations post-orthodontics. Her goal was not just cosmetic improvement but addressing functional issues affecting her bite and comfort while eating and speaking.


Considerations & Approach: For Emma's scenario, customization meant integrating periodontal therapy with orthodontic adjustments tailored to address both her bite mechanics and aesthetic concerns simultaneously. Utilizing minimally invasive techniques like Invisalign® allowed for flexibility

**Facilitating Better Chewing Efficiency**: Orthodontic treatment can improve bite function and alignment, allowing for more efficient chewing which is crucial for digestion and overall nutritional health in adulthood.

When diving into the realm of adult smile transformations, particularly focusing on those who have a history of childhood orthodontic treatment, we find a treasure trove of insights that can profoundly influence clinical practice. These insights, gleaned from various case studies, highlight not just the technical aspects of orthodontic interventions but also the intricate interplay between psychological, social, and physiological factors that contribute to lasting transformations. Let's unpack these key takeaways to distill best practices for clinicians aiming to guide patients through successful smiles that last a lifetime.


1. Holistic Patient Assessment: Beyond Teeth Alignment


Firstly, one compelling lesson from these case studies is the paramount importance of holistic patient assessment. It's no longer sufficient to focus solely on tooth alignment and occlusion; clinicians must adopt a comprehensive approach that considers the entire oral health picture, including periodontal health, jaw function, and even facial aesthetics. Past orthodontic treatments might have addressed alignment but neglected other critical elements that evolve with age, such as gum recession or changes in jaw structure due to growth or trauma. Understanding this broader context enables more tailored and sustainable treatment plans.


2. Psychosocial Considerations: The Emotional Journey


Another significant insight revolves around the psychosocial dimensions of orthodontic treatment in adults. Unlike children who often undergo orthodontics primarily for functional reasons, adults are frequently seeking improvements for aesthetic and confidence-enhancing purposes. Case studies reveal that addressing the emotional narrative behind each patient's desire for transformation is crucial. Clinicians should foster an empathetic environment where patients feel heard and understood in their aspirations and concerns about their smile's impact on their self-image and social interactions. This empathetic connection can significantly enhance treatment adherence and satisfaction outcomes.


3. Customized Treatment Plans: One Size Does Not Fit All


The case studies underscore the necessity of customized treatment plans-tailored not just to correct current dental issues but also anticipating long-term stability and comfort. Adult patients often come with complex histories, including previous treatments whose effects may have diminished over time or introduced new challenges like tooth wear or bone density changes. By integrating advanced technologies like 3D imaging with personalized approaches considering lifestyle factors (such as diet and oral hygiene habits), clinicians can devise strategies that are both effective immediately and sustainable over decades.


4. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: A Team Approach


Moreover, there's a clear takeaway regarding the advantages of interdisciplinary collaboration in achieving comprehensive results. Cases often involve not just orthodontists but also periodontists, prosthodontists, and cosmetic dentists working in concert to address multifaceted needs-be it gum contouring post-orthodontics or integrating dental implants for missing teeth within a harmonious smile framework. Such teamwork ensures every aspect of a patient's oral health is meticulously considered for optimal outcomes.


5. Long-term Maintenance: Empowering Patients for Lifelong Care


Lastly-and perhaps most importantly-these case studies illuminate the critical importance of educating patients about long-term maintenance strategies post-treatment completion. Adults who've invested time and effort into achieving their dream smiles deserve guidance on how to sustain them-a blend of regular check-ups, personalized oral hygiene regimens tailored to their specific needs post-treatment adjustments (like retainers), and understanding potential future considerations such as aging-related changes in dental structure or function. This proactive approach empowers patients

 

  • Sub-Millimeter Surgical Dexterity
  • Knowledge of human health, disease, pathology, and anatomy
  • Communication/Interpersonal Skills
  • Analytical Skills
  • Critical Thinking
  • Empathy/Professionalism
  • Private practices
  • Primary care clinics
  • Hospitals
  • Physician
  • dental assistant
  • dental technician
  • dental hygienist
  • various dental specialists
Dentistry
A dentist treats a patient with the help of a dental assistant.
Occupation
Names
  • Dentist
  • Dental Surgeon
  • Doctor

[1][nb 1]

Occupation type
Profession
Activity sectors
Health care, Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Surgery
Description
Competencies  
Education required
Dental Degree
Fields of
employment
 
Related jobs
 
ICD-9-CM 23-24
MeSH D003813
[edit on Wikidata]
An oral surgeon and dental assistant removing a wisdom tooth

Dentistry, also known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. It consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, most commonly focused on dentition (the development and arrangement of teeth) as well as the oral mucosa.[2] Dentistry may also encompass other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temporomandibular joint. The practitioner is called a dentist.

The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization, with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC to 5500 BC.[3] Dentistry is thought to have been the first specialization in medicine which has gone on to develop its own accredited degree with its own specializations.[4] Dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology (the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions. However, some specialties such as oral and maxillofacial surgery (facial reconstruction) may require both medical and dental degrees to accomplish. In European history, dentistry is considered to have stemmed from the trade of barber surgeons.[5]

Dental treatments are carried out by a dental team, which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries (such as dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental therapists). Most dentists either work in private practices (primary care), dental hospitals, or (secondary care) institutions (prisons, armed forces bases, etc.).

The modern movement of evidence-based dentistry calls for the use of high-quality scientific research and evidence to guide decision-making such as in manual tooth conservation, use of fluoride water treatment and fluoride toothpaste, dealing with oral diseases such as tooth decay and periodontitis, as well as systematic diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes, celiac disease, cancer, and HIV/AIDS which could also affect the oral cavity. Other practices relevant to evidence-based dentistry include radiology of the mouth to inspect teeth deformity or oral malaises, haematology (study of blood) to avoid bleeding complications during dental surgery, cardiology (due to various severe complications arising from dental surgery with patients with heart disease), etc.

Terminology

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The term dentistry comes from dentist, which comes from French dentiste, which comes from the French and Latin words for tooth.[6] The term for the associated scientific study of teeth is odontology (from Ancient Greek: á½€δούς, romanized: odoús, lit. 'tooth') – the study of the structure, development, and abnormalities of the teeth.

Dental treatment

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Dentistry usually encompasses practices related to the oral cavity.[7] According to the World Health Organization, oral diseases are major public health problems due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe, with the disadvantaged affected more than other socio-economic groups.[8]

The majority of dental treatments are carried out to prevent or treat the two most common oral diseases which are dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease (gum disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve the restoration of teeth, extraction or surgical removal of teeth, scaling and root planing, endodontic root canal treatment, and cosmetic dentistry[9]

By nature of their general training, dentists, without specialization can carry out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative (fillings, crowns, bridges), prosthetic (dentures), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and extraction of teeth, as well as performing examinations, radiographs (x-rays), and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe medications used in the field such as antibiotics, sedatives, and any other drugs used in patient management. Depending on their licensing boards, general dentists may be required to complete additional training to perform sedation, dental implants, etc.

Irreversible enamel defects caused by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis, tetracycline discoloration, acid reflux or other causes.[10][11][12] The National Institutes of Health include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of celiac disease.[10]

Dentists also encourage the prevention of oral diseases through proper hygiene and regular, twice or more yearly, checkups for professional cleaning and evaluation. Oral infections and inflammations may affect overall health and conditions in the oral cavity may be indicative of systemic diseases, such as osteoporosis, diabetes, celiac disease or cancer.[7][10][13][14] Many studies have also shown that gum disease is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, and preterm birth. The concept that oral health can affect systemic health and disease is referred to as "oral-systemic health".

Education and licensing

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A sagittal cross-section of a molar tooth; 1: crown, 2: root, 3: enamel, 4: dentin and dentin tubules, 5: pulp chamber, 6: blood vessels and nerve, 7: periodontal ligament, 8: apex and periapical region, 9: alveolar bone
Early dental chair in Pioneer West Museum in Shamrock, Texas

John M. Harris started the world's first dental school in Bainbridge, Ohio, and helped to establish dentistry as a health profession. It opened on 21 February 1828, and today is a dental museum.[15] The first dental college, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in Baltimore, Maryland, US in 1840. The second in the United States was the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, established in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1845.[16] The Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery followed in 1852.[17] In 1907, Temple University accepted a bid to incorporate the school.

Studies show that dentists that graduated from different countries,[18] or even from different dental schools in one country,[19] may make different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example, dentists that graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend the removal of asymptomatic impacted third molar (wisdom teeth) more often than dentists that graduated from Latin American or Eastern European dental schools.[20]

In the United Kingdom, the first dental schools, the London School of Dental Surgery and the Metropolitan School of Dental Science, both in London, opened in 1859.[21] The British Dentists Act of 1878 and the 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.[22][23] However, others could legally describe themselves as "dental experts" or "dental consultants".[24] The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practising dentistry.[25] The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practising illegally.[22] Dentists in the United Kingdom are now regulated by the General Dental Council.

In many countries, dentists usually complete between five and eight years of post-secondary education before practising. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residency focusing on specific aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree. In a few countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least four years of postgraduate study;[26] Dental degrees awarded around the world include the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) and Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) in North America (US and Canada), and the Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent, BChD, BDSc) in the UK and current and former British Commonwealth countries.

All dentists in the United States undergo at least three years of undergraduate studies, but nearly all complete a bachelor's degree. This schooling is followed by four years of dental school to qualify as a "Doctor of Dental Surgery" (DDS) or "Doctor of Dental Medicine" (DMD). Specialization in dentistry is available in the fields of Anesthesiology, Dental Public Health, Endodontics, Oral Radiology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, Orofacial Pain, Pathology, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry (Pedodontics), Periodontics, and Prosthodontics.[27]

Specialties

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A modern dental clinic in Lappeenranta, Finland

Some dentists undertake further training after their initial degree in order to specialize. Exactly which subjects are recognized by dental registration bodies varies according to location. Examples include:

  • Anesthesiology[28] – The specialty of dentistry that deals with the advanced use of general anesthesia, sedation and pain management to facilitate dental procedures.
  • Cosmetic dentistry – Focuses on improving the appearance of the mouth, teeth and smile.
  • Dental public health – The study of epidemiology and social health policies relevant to oral health.
  • Endodontics (also called endodontology) – Root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp and periapical tissues.
  • Forensic odontology – The gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
  • Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics – The delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
  • Oral and maxillofacial pathology – The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
  • Oral and maxillofacial radiology – The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
  • Oral and maxillofacial surgery (also called oral surgery) – Extractions, implants, and surgery of the jaws, mouth and face.[nb 2]
  • Oral biology – Research in dental and craniofacial biology
  • Oral Implantology – The art and science of replacing extracted teeth with dental implants.
  • Oral medicine – The clinical evaluation and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases
  • Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics – The straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth.
  • Pediatric dentistry (also called pedodontics) – Dentistry for children
  • Periodontology (also called periodontics) – The study and treatment of diseases of the periodontium (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants
  • Prosthodontics (also called prosthetic dentistry) – Dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants.
    • Some prosthodontists super-specialize in maxillofacial prosthetics, which is the discipline originally concerned with the rehabilitation of patients with congenital facial and oral defects such as cleft lip and palate or patients born with an underdeveloped ear (microtia). Today, most maxillofacial prosthodontists return function and esthetics to patients with acquired defects secondary to surgical removal of head and neck tumors, or secondary to trauma from war or motor vehicle accidents.
  • Special needs dentistry (also called special care dentistry) – Dentistry for those with developmental and acquired disabilities.
  • Sports dentistry – the branch of sports medicine dealing with prevention and treatment of dental injuries and oral diseases associated with sports and exercise.[29] The sports dentist works as an individual consultant or as a member of the Sports Medicine Team.
  • Veterinary dentistry – The field of dentistry applied to the care of animals. It is a specialty of veterinary medicine.[30][31]

History

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A wealthy patient falling over because of having a tooth extracted with such vigour by a fashionable dentist, c. 1790. History of Dentistry.
Farmer at the dentist, Johann Liss, c. 1616–17

Tooth decay was low in pre-agricultural societies, but the advent of farming society about 10,000 years ago correlated with an increase in tooth decay (cavities).[32] An infected tooth from Italy partially cleaned with flint tools, between 13,820 and 14,160 years old, represents the oldest known dentistry,[33] although a 2017 study suggests that 130,000 years ago the Neanderthals already used rudimentary dentistry tools.[34] In Italy evidence dated to the Paleolithic, around 13,000 years ago, points to bitumen used to fill a tooth[35] and in Neolithic Slovenia, 6500 years ago, beeswax was used to close a fracture in a tooth.[36] The Indus valley has yielded evidence of dentistry being practised as far back as 7000 BC, during the Stone Age.[37] The Neolithic site of Mehrgarh (now in Pakistan's south western province of Balochistan) indicates that this form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead-crafters.[3] The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.[38] The earliest dental filling, made of beeswax, was discovered in Slovenia and dates from 6500 years ago.[39] Dentistry was practised in prehistoric Malta, as evidenced by a skull which had a dental abscess lanced from the root of a tooth dating back to around 2500 BC.[40]

An ancient Sumerian text describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.[41] Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the Homeric Hymns,[42] and as late as the 14th century AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.[43]

Recipes for the treatment of toothache, infections and loose teeth are spread throughout the Ebers Papyrus, Kahun Papyri, Brugsch Papyrus, and Hearst papyrus of Ancient Egypt.[44] The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, discusses the treatment of dislocated or fractured jaws.[44][45] In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.[46] Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics.[47] However, it is possible the prosthetics were prepared after death for aesthetic reasons.[44]

Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.[48] Use of dental appliances, bridges and dentures was applied by the Etruscans in northern Italy, from as early as 700 BC, of human or other animal teeth fastened together with gold bands.[49][50][51] The Romans had likely borrowed this technique by the 5th century BC.[50][52] The Phoenicians crafted dentures during the 6th–4th century BC, fashioning them from gold wire and incorporating two ivory teeth.[53] In ancient Egypt, Hesy-Ra is the first named "dentist" (greatest of the teeth). The Egyptians bound replacement teeth together with gold wire. Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote extensively of oral diseases as well as dental treatments such as narcotic-containing emollients and astringents.[54] The earliest dental amalgams were first documented in a Tang dynasty medical text written by the Chinese physician Su Kung in 659, and appeared in Germany in 1528.[55][56]

During the Islamic Golden Age Dentistry was discussed in several famous books of medicine such as The Canon in medicine written by Avicenna and Al-Tasreef by Al-Zahrawi who is considered the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages,[57] Avicenna said that jaw fracture should be reduced according to the occlusal guidance of the teeth; this principle is still valid in modern times. Al-Zahrawi invented over 200 surgical tools that resemble the modern kind.[58]

Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth which alleviated pain and associated chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac most probably invented the dental pelican[59] (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used to perform dental extractions up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key[60] which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 19th century.[61]

Dental needle-nose pliers designed by Fauchard in the late 17th century to use in prosthodontics

The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,[48] and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685.[23]

In the United Kingdom, there was no formal qualification for the providers of dental treatment until 1859 and it was only in 1921 that the practice of dentistry was limited to those who were professionally qualified. The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that there were then more than twice as many registered dentists per 10,000 population in the UK than there were in 1921.[62]

Modern dentistry

[edit]
A microscopic device used in dental analysis, c. 1907

It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. The English physician Thomas Browne in his A Letter to a Friend (c. 1656 pub. 1690) made an early dental observation with characteristic humour:

The Egyptian Mummies that I have seen, have had their Mouths open, and somewhat gaping, which affordeth a good opportunity to view and observe their Teeth, wherein 'tis not easie to find any wanting or decayed: and therefore in Egypt, where one Man practised but one Operation, or the Diseases but of single Parts, it must needs be a barren Profession to confine unto that of drawing of Teeth, and little better than to have been Tooth-drawer unto King Pyrrhus, who had but two in his Head.

The French surgeon Pierre Fauchard became known as the "father of modern dentistry". Despite the limitations of the primitive surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th century, Fauchard was a highly skilled surgeon who made remarkable improvisations of dental instruments, often adapting tools from watchmakers, jewelers and even barbers, that he thought could be used in dentistry. He introduced dental fillings as treatment for dental cavities. He asserted that sugar-derived acids like tartaric acid were responsible for dental decay, and also suggested that tumors surrounding the teeth and in the gums could appear in the later stages of tooth decay.[63][64]

Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants, made 1978

Fauchard was the pioneer of dental prosthesis, and he invented many methods to replace lost teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks of ivory or bone. He also introduced dental braces, although they were initially made of gold, he discovered that the teeth position could be corrected as the teeth would follow the pattern of the wires. Waxed linen or silk threads were usually employed to fasten the braces. His contributions to the world of dental science consist primarily of his 1728 publication Le chirurgien dentiste or The Surgeon Dentist. The French text included "basic oral anatomy and function, dental construction, and various operative and restorative techniques, and effectively separated dentistry from the wider category of surgery".[63][64]

A modern dentist's chair

After Fauchard, the study of dentistry rapidly expanded. Two important books, Natural History of Human Teeth (1771) and Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth (1778), were published by British surgeon John Hunter. In 1763, he entered into a period of collaboration with the London-based dentist James Spence. He began to theorise about the possibility of tooth transplants from one person to another. He realised that the chances of a successful tooth transplant (initially, at least) would be improved if the donor tooth was as fresh as possible and was matched for size with the recipient. These principles are still used in the transplantation of internal organs. Hunter conducted a series of pioneering operations, in which he attempted a tooth transplant. Although the donated teeth never properly bonded with the recipients' gums, one of Hunter's patients stated that he had three which lasted for six years, a remarkable achievement for the period.[65]

Major advances in science were made in the 19th century, and dentistry evolved from a trade to a profession. The profession came under government regulation by the end of the 19th century. In the UK, the Dentist Act was passed in 1878 and the British Dental Association formed in 1879. In the same year, Francis Brodie Imlach was the first ever dentist to be elected President of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), raising dentistry onto a par with clinical surgery for the first time.[66]

Hazards in modern dentistry

[edit]

Long term occupational noise exposure can contribute to permanent hearing loss, which is referred to as noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus. Noise exposure can cause excessive stimulation of the hearing mechanism, which damages the delicate structures of the inner ear.[67] NIHL can occur when an individual is exposed to sound levels above 90 dBA according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Regulations state that the permissible noise exposure levels for individuals is 90 dBA.[68] For the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), exposure limits are set to 85 dBA. Exposures below 85 dBA are not considered to be hazardous. Time limits are placed on how long an individual can stay in an environment above 85 dBA before it causes hearing loss. OSHA places that limitation at 8 hours for 85 dBA. The exposure time becomes shorter as the dBA level increases.

Within the field of dentistry, a variety of cleaning tools are used including piezoelectric and sonic scalers, and ultrasonic scalers and cleaners.[69] While a majority of the tools do not exceed 75 dBA,[70] prolonged exposure over many years can lead to hearing loss or complaints of tinnitus.[71] Few dentists have reported using personal hearing protective devices,[72][73] which could offset any potential hearing loss or tinnitus.

Evidence-based dentistry

[edit]

There is a movement in modern dentistry to place a greater emphasis on high-quality scientific evidence in decision-making. Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) uses current scientific evidence to guide decisions. It is an approach to oral health that requires the application and examination of relevant scientific data related to the patient's oral and medical health. Along with the dentist's professional skill and expertise, EBD allows dentists to stay up to date on the latest procedures and patients to receive improved treatment. A new paradigm for medical education designed to incorporate current research into education and practice was developed to help practitioners provide the best care for their patients.[74] It was first introduced by Gordon Guyatt and the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada in the 1990s. It is part of the larger movement toward evidence-based medicine and other evidence-based practices, especially since a major part of dentistry involves dealing with oral and systemic diseases. Other issues relevant to the dental field in terms of evidence-based research and evidence-based practice include population oral health, dental clinical practice, tooth morphology etc.

A dental chair at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry

Ethical and medicolegal issues

[edit]

Dentistry is unique in that it requires dental students to have competence-based clinical skills that can only be acquired through supervised specialized laboratory training and direct patient care.[75] This necessitates the need for a scientific and professional basis of care with a foundation of extensive research-based education.[76] According to some experts, the accreditation of dental schools can enhance the quality and professionalism of dental education.[77][78]

See also

[edit]
  • Dental aerosol
  • Dental instrument
  • Dental public health
  • Domestic healthcare:
    • Dentistry in ancient Rome
    • Dentistry in Canada
    • Dentistry in the Philippines
    • Dentistry in Israel
    • Dentistry in the United Kingdom
    • Dentistry in the United States
  • Eco-friendly dentistry
  • Geriatric dentistry
  • List of dental organizations
  • Pediatric dentistry
  • Sustainable dentistry
  • Veterinary dentistry
 

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Whether Dentists are referred to as "Doctor" is subject to geographic variation. For example, they are called "Doctor" in the US. In the UK, dentists have traditionally been referred to as "Mister" as they identified themselves with barber surgeons more than physicians (as do surgeons in the UK, see Surgeon#Titles). However more UK dentists now refer to themselves as "Doctor", although this was considered to be potentially misleading by the British public in a single report (see Costley and Fawcett 2010).
  2. ^ The scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery is variable. In some countries, both a medical and dental degree is required for training, and the scope includes head and neck oncology and craniofacial deformity.

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[edit]

 

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